Privacy International

Privacy and Human Rights 2001


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PHR2002

Sarah Andrews
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Washington, DC, US

Privacy International
London, UK

This annual report by EPIC and Privacy International reviews the state of privacy in over fifty countries around the world. It outlines legal protections for privacy, new challenges, and summarizes important issues and events relating to privacy and surveillance.

Updated and expanded for 2001, the report includes new sections on genetic privacy, location tracking, authentication, and identification requirements, electronic numbering, corporate sharing of information with governments, and the privacy implications of digital rights management schemes.

The Privacy and Human Rights report finds that many countries are moving to enact laws the guarantee freedom from government and corporate surveillance and intrusion. However, technical developments, law enforcement demands, and business efforts to exploit personal information continue to pose new threats to privacy and anonymity in today's society.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward
Overview
Defining Privacy
    Aspects of Privacy
Models of Privacy Protection
   Comprehensive laws
   Sectoral Laws
   Self-Regulation
   Technologies of Privacy
The Right to Privacy
The Evolution of Data Protection
   Rationales for Adopting Comprehensive Laws
   The European Union Data Protection Directives
Oversight and Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners
Transborder Data Flows and Data Havens
   European Union-United States “Safe Harbor” Agreement

Threats to Privacy

Trends
Technology transfer and policy convergence 
Identity systems
   Identity (ID) cards
   Biometrics
Surveillance of Communications
   Legal Protections and Human Rights
   Surveillance and Communications Technologies
   Technical Standards for Surveillance: CALEA, ENFOLPOL and Building in Big Brother
   Internet Surveillance and Black Boxes
   Cybercrime
   National Security and the “Echelon system”
   Tools for fighting surveillance
Electronic Commerce
   Spam
   Profiling
   Security Breaches
   Information Brokers and Seal Programs
   Privacy Enhancing Techniques
Electronic Numbering
Public Records and Privacy, Public-Private Ventures
Digital Rights Management
Authentication and Identity Disclosure
   Defining Identity Disclosure
   Inscribing Identity into Policy
   Inscribing Identity into Infrastructure
   Inscribing Identity into Technology
   Authentication without Identification
Spy TV: Interactive Television & “T-Commerce”
Audio Bugging
Location Tracking
Video Surveillance
   Face Recognition
Satellite Surveillance
Genetic Privacy
   Genetic Identification
   Genetic Testing
   Right Not to Know
   In the Workplace
   Insurance
   Legal Safeguards
Workplace Privacy
   Legal Background
   Performance Monitoring
   Telephone Monitoring
   E-mail and Internet Use Monitoring
   Drug Testing


Country Reports

Argentine Republic
Commonwealth of Australia
   State and Territory Laws
Republic of Austria
Kingdom of Belgium
Federative Republic of Brazil
Republic of Bulgaria
Canada
   Provinces
Republic of Chile
People’s Republic of China

  
Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong

Czech Republic
Kingdom of Denmark
   Greenland
Republic of Estonia
Republic of Finland
   Aland Islands
French Republic
Federal Republic of Germany
Hellenic Republic (Greece)
Republic of Hungary
Republic of Iceland
Republic of India
Republic of Ireland
State of Israel
Italian Republic
Japan
Republic of (South) Korea
Republic of Latvia
Republic of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Malaysia
United Mexican States
Kingdom of the Netherlands
New Zealand
   Self-governing territories
Kingdom of Norway
Republic of Peru
Republic of the Philippines
Republic of Poland
Republic of Portugal
Russian Federation
   Autonomous Russian Republics
Republic of San Marino
Republic of Singapore
Slovak Republic
Republic of Slovenia
Republic of South Africa
Kingdom of Spain
Kingdom of Sweden
Swiss Confederation (Switzerland)
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Kingdom of Thailand
Republic of Turkey
Republic of Ukraine
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
   Territories
United States of America


Download the Report


Download Privacy and Human Rights 2001 report (PDF 842k)